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A. millefolium was used in traditional medicine, in part due to its astringent properties and the mild laxative effect of its leaves.[49][50] It has been used since ancient times to heal wounds and stop bleeding, and in the sixteenth century the crushed leaves were used to stop nosebleeds.[51] Yarrow and its North American varieties were traditionally used by many Native American nations.[52] The Navajo historically considered it a “life medicine” and chewed the plant for toothaches and used its infusions for earaches. The Miwok in California used the plant as an analgesic and head cold remedy.[52] Native American nations used the plant for healing cuts and abrasions, relief from earaches and throat infections, as well as for an eyewash.[53] Common yarrow was used by Plains indigenous peoples to reduce pain or fever and aid sleep.[52] In the early 20th century, some Ojibwe people used a decoction of yarrow leaves on hot stones and inhaled it to treat headaches,[54] or applied decoctions of the root onto skin for its stimulating effect.[55]